Managing write operations to an extent of tracks migrated between storage devices

ABSTRACT

Provided are a computer program product, system, and method for managing write operations to an extent of tracks migrated between storage device. An operation is processed to migrate an extent of tracks from the second storage to the first storage. A determination is made as to whether an extent object exists for the extent to migrate. The extent object exists if the extent was previously migrated from the first storage to the second storage at a previous time. The extent object includes for each track a write indicator indicating whether the track was updated in the second storage since the previous time when the extent was previously migrated to the second storage. In response to determining that the extent object exists, a determination is made of the tracks in the extent having the write indicator indicating that the track was updated in the second storage since the previous time. The data for the determined tracks is copied from the second storage to free locations in the first storage. For each determined track, the entry for the determined track in the extent object is updated to indicate the free location to which the data for the track was copied as an active address for the track.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to a method, system, and computer programproduct for managing write operations to an extent of tracks migratedbetween storage devices.

2. Description of the Related Art

In a hierarchical storage environment, extents of tracks may be migratedbetween different tiers of storage devices, such as hard disk drives,solid state storage devices, etc., depending on the characteristics ofthe storage devices and the frequency of access and priority of data.For instance, more frequently accessed extents and/or higher priorityextents may be migrated to a faster access tier from a slower accesstier, and less frequently accessed extents and/or lower priority extentsmay be migrated to a faster access tier. When migrating extents, all thedata from the extent may be copied over from one storage device toanother.

There is a need in the art for improved techniques for migrating extentsof tracks between storage devices.

SUMMARY

Provided are a computer program product, system, and method for managingwrite operations to an extent of tracks migrated between storage device.An operation is processed to migrate an extent of tracks from the secondstorage to the first storage. A determination is made as to whether anextent object exists for the extent to migrate. The extent object existsif the extent was previously migrated from the first storage to thesecond storage at a previous time. The extent object includes for eachtrack a write indicator indicating whether the track was updated in thesecond storage since the previous time when the extent was previouslymigrated to the second storage. In response to determining that theextent object exists, a determination is made of the tracks in theextent having the write indicator indicating that the track was updatedin the second storage since the previous time. The data for thedetermined tracks is copied from the second storage to free locations inthe first storage. For each determined track, the entry for thedetermined track in the extent object is updated to indicate the freelocation to which the data for the track was copied as an active addressfor the track.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates an embodiment of a computing environment.

FIG. 2 illustrates an embodiment of an entry in an extent object.

FIG. 3 illustrates an embodiment of an extent object as an extent table.

FIG. 4 illustrates an embodiment of operations to migrate an extent froma second storage to a first storage.

FIG. 5 illustrates an embodiment of operations to process a writerequest to a track in an extent existing in the first storage.

FIG. 6 illustrates an embodiment of operations to process a writerequest to a track in an extent existing in the second storage.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIG. 1 illustrates an embodiment of a server 2 storing tracks of data ina first storage 4 and a second storage 6. The server 2 includes aprocessor 8 comprising one or more processor devices and a memory 10 inwhich an operating system 12 is loaded to be executed by the processor8. The operating system 12 includes extent migration code 14 to managethe migration of an extent of tracks represented by an extent object 16between the first 4 and second 6 storages. The extent of tracks may beactive in one of the first storage 4 or second storage 6, and may bemigrated between the first 4 and second 6 storages.

The server 2 may communicate with the first 4 and second storages 6 overa network, via separate cables through a storage interface, in a looparchitecture, etc. The first 4 and second 6 storages may comprisedifferent types of storage devices, such as a solid state storage device(SSD) comprised of solid state electronics, such as a EEPROM(Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory), flash memory,flash disk, Random Access Memory (RAM) drive, storage-class memory(SCM), etc., magnetic storage disk, optical disk, tape, etc. The memory8 may comprise one or more volatile or non-volatile memory devices. Theextent migration code 14 may alternatively be implemented as applicationcode external to the operating system 12 or may be implemented withhardware logic, such as an Application Specific Integrated Circuit(ASIC), or as a programmable processor executing code in a computerreadable storage medium.

In one embodiment, the first 4 and second 6 storages may comprisestorage tiers in a hierarchical arrangement of storage devices, wheretiers define storage based on characteristics such as speed of theirInput/Output (I/O) access profile, redundancy, etc. For instance, thefirst storage 4 may comprise a high speed storage, such as an SSD or RAMdrive, and the second storage 6 may comprise a slower access storage,such as a hard disk drive or tape medium. The operating system 12 maycall the extent migration code 14 to migrate extents that are notfrequently accessed and/or having lower priority from the first storage4 to the second storage 6 and migrate more frequently accessed and/orhigher priority extents of tracks from the second storage 6 to the firststorage 4 employing hierarchical management storage techniques known inthe art. Data characteristics other than or in addition to the frequencyof data access and priority of the data may be used to determine whetherto migrate extents between higher and lower tier storage devices in thestorage hierarchy.

In certain embodiments, the extent object 16 identifies tracks that arestored contiguously in the second storage 6, which is advantageous inembodiments where the second storage 6 comprises a storage device thathas improved read/write access for tracks stored contiguously in themedia, such as a hard disk drive and a tape drive. However, the data forthe tracks in the extent may not be contiguously stored in the firststorage, which may comprise a storage device that does not experienceimproved access for contiguously stored tracks, such as the case with asolid state storage device (SSD) or Random Access Memory (RAM) drive.

The extent object 16 includes entries for each track managed in oneextent. Each track may comprise a same size single unit of data. Theserver 2 may maintain multiple extent objects 16 for each separateextent the server 2 manages in the first 4 and second 6 storages.Further, there may be additional storage devices, such that the server 2may manage the migration of an extent of tracks among more than twostorages, where the different storages may have different I/O accessprofiles.

FIG. 2 illustrates an embodiment of an entry 50 in the extent object 16providing information on one track in an extent. A track identifier (ID)52 identifies a track in the extent. A modify indicator 54 indicateswhether the track was updated in the second storage 6 since a previoustime when the extent and track were previously migrated from the firststorage 4 to the second storage 6, thus indicating whether the firststorage 4 has the most recent version of the track while the track andextent exist on the second storage 6. An active address 56 indicates anaddress in the first storage 4 having a most recent version of the trackin the first storage 6. An active checksum 58 comprises a checksum valuecalculated from the data at the active address 56. The checksum valuemay be calculated using checksum or hash algorithms known in the art todetermine a unique or likely unique representation of the data. If themodify indicator 52 indicates that the track was updated in the secondstorage 6 and that the first storage 4 does not have the most recentversion of the data, then the data identified by the active address 56may not comprise an active version, but a previous version due to themore current update at the second storage 6.

In certain embodiments, data updates may be written to a new freelocation in the first storage 4. In such case, the extent entry 50 forthe track would maintain a previous version address 60 ₁ . . . 60 _(n)for each previous version a . . . n of the track stored in the firststorage 4 and previous version checksum 62 ₁ . . . 62 _(n) calculatedfrom the previous version of the track. The order of the previousversion addresses 60 ₁ . . . 60 _(n) in the extent table 80 may indicatethe age of the previous versions, where the newest previous versionaddress is the first, 60 ₁, and the oldest is the last, 60 _(n). Theserver 2 may limit the number of versions of data maintained in thefirst storage 4 based on various factors, such as available space,predefined number of versions limit, predefined space available to storeprevious versions, etc.

In embodiments where the first storage 4 comprises an SSD, newly writtendata is written to a new physical location in the first storage 4 aspart of a process called wear leveling to distribute writes across thestorage device when updating a frequently accessed logical address,which prolongs the life of a solid state storage device. Continuallywriting to the same physical location of a solid state device can wearout the storage blocks in the solid state storage device.

FIG. 3 illustrates an example of an extent object implemented as anextent table 80 having a row for each track with columns providing theinformation for the extent object.

FIG. 4 illustrates an embodiment of operations implemented in the extentmigration code 16 to migrate or promote an extent from the secondstorage 6 to the first storage 4. Upon processing the request to migratethe extent (at block 100), a determination is made (at block 102) as towhether an extent object 16 exists for the extent of tracks to migrate.If not, then the extent migration code 14 proceeds to block 104 tocreate a new extent object 16 for the extent and clear the modifyindicator 54 for each extent entry 50 (FIG. 2) to indicate that the datahas not been modified in the second storage 2. For each track in theextent 16, the extent migration code 14 performs a loop (at blocks106-114) of operations for each track in the extent. For each track, thetrack is copied (at block 108) from the second storage 6 to a freelocation in the first storage 4. The extent migration code 14 calculates(at block 110) a checksum for the copied track and sets (at block 112)the active address 56 for the track to the free location in the firststorage 4 to which the track was copied and sets the active checksum 58to the calculated checksum value. The operations at blocks 104-114 maybe performed the first time the extent is promoted and migrated to thefirst storage 4.

If (at block 102) an extent object 16 already exists for the extentbeing promoted, then the extent was previously migrated from the firststorage 4 to the second storage 6 and a loop is performed at blocks 116through 128 for each track in the extent to migrate or promote from thesecond storage 6 to the first storage 4. If (at block 118) the modifyindicator 54 for the track being considered indicates that the track wasnot updated while on the second storage 6, then no action is performedon the track and the data is not copied over because the data has notchanged. If (at block 118) the modify indicator 54 for the trackindicates the track was modified, then the data for the track is copied(at block 120) from the second storage 6 to a free location in the firststorage 4. A new previous version address for the track is set to thecurrent active address 56, making the current data for the track aprevious version, and a new previous version checksum for the track isset to the current active checksum 58. Then the active address 56 is set(at block 124) to the address of the free location to which the data wascopied and the active checksum 58 is set (at block 126) to a checksumvalue calculated from the data copied to the free location. The previousversion pairs, previous version addresses 60 ₁ . . . 60 n and previousversion checksums 62 a . . . 62 n, are then reordered (at block 127) sothe previous version information is ordered by the age or version numberof the previous version.

In one embodiment where the extent object 16 comprises an extent table80 (FIG. 3), to perform the reorder operation of block 127 and make thecurrent active data and checksum a previous version, the extentmigration code 14 may shift the columns for the current previousversions 60 ₁ . . . 60 n and 62 a . . . 62 n to the right two columns tooverwrite and occupy columns for the previous versions 2 . . . n+1, andthen copy the current active address 56 and the current active checksum58 to a new most current previous version address 60 ₁ and 62 ₁. In thisway, the current version address 56 and checksum 58 is made the mostrecent previous version to make room in the active fields 56 and 58 forthe updated data copied to the free location. In alternativeembodiments, the ordering may be indicated by pointers or otherinformation indicating an ordering of the previous versions.

With the operations of FIG. 4, only tracks that have changed in thesecond storage 6 since the extent was migrated or demoted from the firststorage 4 to the second storage 6 are copied over to the first storage 4when migrating or promoting the extent from the second storage 6 to thefirst storage 4. In embodiments where the first storage 4 comprises anSSD, this described operations provide for wear leveling because newdata is written to a new location and unnecessary writes to the firststorage 4 are avoided because data that has not been modified in thesecond storage 6 since the previous migration are not copied to thefirst storage 4.

FIG. 5 illustrates an embodiment of operations performed by theoperating system 12 to handle a write to a track in an extent thatexists in the first storage 4. Upon receiving the write, the operatingsystem 12 (or some other code) calculates (at block 152) a temporarychecksum from the write for the target tracks. If (at block 154) thetemporary checksum matches the active checksum 58 for the track, thencomplete is returned to the write request because the data at the activeaddress 56 for the track is the same as the data to write. In such case,the data does not have to be written to the first storage 4, whichreduces wear leveling in embodiments where the first storage comprisesan SSD or other type of device whose life is reduced by continualwriting to the same location. If (at block 154) the temporary checksumdoes not match the active checksum 58, then the operating system 12determines (at block 158) whether the temporary checksum matches one ofthe previous version checksums 62 ₁ . . . 62 _(n). There may be zero ormore previous version addresses and checksums. If there is a match, thenthe operating system 12 performs operations 160-166 to use data for aprevious version at one of the previous version addresses 60 ₁ . . . 60_(n) because the data for a previous version matches the data to write.At block 160, the operating system 12 sets (at block 160) a new previousversion address and new previous version checksum to the values for theactive address and the active checksum. This new previous versionaddress and the new previous version checksum become the most currentprevious version address 60 ₁ and checksum 62 ₁. The operating system 12writes (at block 162) the write data for the track to a free location inthe first storage and sets (at block 164) the active address 56 to theaddress of the free location to which the data was copied and sets (atblock 166) the active checksum 58 to a checksum value calculated fromthe data in the free location. The previous version pairs, previousversion addresses 60 ₁ . . . 60 n and previous checksums 62 a . . . 62n, are then reordered (at block 167) so the previous version informationis ordered by the age or version number of the previous version.

In embodiments where the extent object 16 comprises an extent table 80(FIG. 3), after creating the new previous version address and previousversion checksum, to perform the reorder operation of block 167, theoperating system 12 may shift all the current previous version addresses60 ₁ . . . 60 _(n) and checksums 62 ₁ . . . 62 _(n) two columns to theright in the table, to overwrite the column data and make them theprevious version addresses 60 ₂ . . . 60 _(n+1) and checksums 62 ₂ . . .62 _(n+1) and then the created new previous version address and checksumbecome previous version address 60 ₁ and checksum 62 ₁. In alternativeembodiments, the ordering may be indicated by pointers or otherinformation indicating an ordering of the previous versions.

If (at block 158) the temporary checksum matches a determined one of theprevious version checksums 62 ₁ . . . 62 _(n), then the operating system12 buffers (at block 168) the determined previous address and theprevious checksum for the matching previous checksum. The operatingsystem 12 sets (at block 170) a new previous version address and newprevious version checksum to the values for the current active address56 and the active checksum 58, to make the current active address andchecksum the most current previous version. After performing block 170,the operating system 12 then sets (at block 172) the active address 56and the active checksum 58 to the buffered previous version address andthe previous version checksum, respectively. In embodiments where theextent object 16 comprises an extent table 80 (FIG. 3), after making oneprevious version address, e.g., 60 _(i) and previous version checksum,e.g., 62 _(i), the current active versions 56 and 58 at blocks 168-172,the operating system 12 may then shift all columns of previous versionaddresses 60 _(i+1) . . . 60 _(n) and previous version checksums 62_(i+1) . . . 62 _(n) following the matching buffered previous versionaddress 60 _(i) and checksum 62 _(i) to the left two columns in thetable 80 to overwrite the columns which the matching buffered previousversion address 60 _(i) and checksum 62 _(i), copied to the activefields 56 and 58, occupied.

With the described embodiments of FIG. 5, the operating system 12 triesto use the current active address 56 and 58 or one previous versionaddress 60 ₁ . . . 60 _(n) and checksum 62 ₁ . . . 62 _(n) for the newactive address 56 and checksum 58 to avoid having to write the data tothe first storage 4. In this way, the operating system 12 is reusing thedata already present in the first storage 4 for the new write data. Inembodiments where the first storage 4 comprises an SSD, using the activeor previous version data for the write to avoid writing avoids wear andprolongs the life of the SSD.

FIG. 6 illustrates an embodiment of operations implemented in theoperating system 12 code (or other component) to process a writedirected to a target track in an extent existing in the second storage6. The extent object 16 would already have been created when theoperations of FIG. 6 are initiated. In response (at block 200) toreceiving the write, the operating system 12 calculates (at block 202) atemporary checksum from the write for the target track. If (at block204) the temporary checksum matches the active checksum 58 for the trackand If (at block 205) the modify indicator 54 is set to indicate thatthe track in the second storage 6 was previously modified such that themodification was not reflected in the extent object 16, then the modifyindicator 54 is cleared (at block 206), because the first storage 4track will have the track modified in the second storage 6. The writedata is written (at block 208) to the track in the second storage andcomplete is returned (at block 210) to the write request. In such case,the extent object 16 does not have to be updated because the data at theactive address 56 for the track in the first storage 4 is the same asthe data written t the second storage 6. If (at block 205) the modifyindicator 54 is not set, then control proceeds to block 210 to not writeanything because the active or most recently written data in both thefirst storage 4 and second storage 8 have data already matching the datato write.

If (at block 204) the temporary checksum does not match the activechecksum 58, then the operating system 12 determines (at block 212)whether the temporary checksum matches one of the previous versionchecksums 62 ₁ . . . 62 _(n). There may be zero or more previous versionaddresses and checksums. If (at block 212) there is a match, then theoperating system 12 performs operations 214-218 to use a track for aprevious version at one of the previous version addresses 60 ₁ . . . 60_(n) because the track for a determined previous version in the firststorage 6 matches the data to write to the track in the second storage6. The operating system 12 buffers (at block 214) the determinedprevious version address, e.g., 60 _(i), and the previous versionchecksum, e.g., 62 _(i), for the matching previous version checksum 62_(i). The operating system 12 sets (at block 216) a new previous versionaddress and new previous version checksum to the values for the currentactive address 56 and the active checksum 58. After performing block216, the operating system 12 sets (at block 218) the active address 56and the active checksum 58 to the buffered previous version address 60_(i) and the previous version checksum 62 _(i), respectively. Theoperating system 12 clears (at block 206) the modify indicator 54 toindicate the track is unmodified because the first storage 4 has thedata modified at the second storage 6. Control then proceed to block 206to block 208 to complete the write to the second storage 6.

In embodiments where the extent object 16 comprises an extent table 80(FIG. 3), after making one previous version address, e.g., 60 _(i) andprevious version checksum, e.g., 62 _(i), the current active versions 56and 58 at blocks 212-216, the operating system 12 may then shift allcolumns of previous version addresses 60 _(i+1) and previous versionchecksums 62 _(i+1) following the matching buffered previous versionaddress 60 _(i) and checksum 62 _(i) to the left two columns in thetable 80 to overwrite the columns which the matching buffered previousversion address 60 _(i) and checksum 62 _(i) occupied.

If (at block 212) the temporary checksum does not match one previousversion checksum, then the modify indicator 42 is set (at block 222) toindicate that the data has been modified in the second storage 6 andcontrol proceeds to block 208 to complete the write to the secondstorage 6. Setting the modify indicator 54 indicates that the firststorage 6 may not have the data written to the second storage 6. In suchcase, the data in the first storage 6 at the active address 56 is not“active data”, because the data for the track has since been modified inthe second storage 6, and the track data at the active address 58 may befor a most recent previous version. Thus, when the modify indicator 54is set, the active address 56 and active checksum 56 information may notbe for actual active data for the track.

With the described embodiments of FIG. 6, the operating system 12 triesto use the current active address 56 and 58 or one previous versionaddress 60 ₁ . . . 60 _(n) and checksum 62 ₁ . . . 62 _(n) for the newactive address 56 and active checksum 58 in the first storage 4 if thepreexisting data for the track in the first storage 4 matches the datato write to the second storage 6. By updating the extent object 16 toreflect that the first storage 4 has the data written to the secondstorage 6, the first storage 4 does not have to subsequently be updatedwith the write data to the track in the second storage 6 when migratingthe extent having the modified track from the second storage 6 back tothe first storage 4 because the modify indicator 54 is cleared. Inembodiments where the first storage 4 comprises an SSD, using the activeor previous version of the track in the first storage 4 for the write tothe second storage 6 avoids having to write to the first storage duringa later migration from the second storage 6 to the first storage 4.Avoiding writes to the first storage 4 reduces wear and prolongs thelife of the SSD.

In the embodiments of FIGS. 5 and 6, in the event that there is noextent object maintained for the track being written in the first 4 orsecond storage 6, the write may be allowed to proceed without performingany further action. Further, if there are multiple tracks to write for awrite operation, then the operations of FIGS. 5 and 6 would be performedfor each track to write.

Described embodiments provide techniques for reducing the number ofwrites to the first storage when migrating an extent from a secondstorage to the first storage, when performing a write to an extentexisting in the first storage, and when performing a write to the secondstorage. In embodiments where the first storage comprises an SSD orother storage device whose storage life is reduced by continual updatesto the same location, the described embodiments reduce wear and prolongthe life of the storage device.

Additional Embodiment Details

The described operations may be implemented as a method, apparatus orcomputer program product using standard programming and/or engineeringtechniques to produce software, firmware, hardware, or any combinationthereof. Accordingly, aspects of the embodiments may take the form of anentirely hardware embodiment, an entirely software embodiment (includingfirmware, resident software, micro-code, etc.) or an embodimentcombining software and hardware aspects that may all generally bereferred to herein as a “circuit,” “module” or “system.” Furthermore,aspects of the embodiments may take the form of a computer programproduct embodied in one or more computer readable medium(s) havingcomputer readable program code embodied thereon.

Any combination of one or more computer readable medium(s) may beutilized. The computer readable medium may be a computer readable signalmedium or a computer readable storage medium. A computer readablestorage medium may be, for example, but not limited to, an electronic,magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system,apparatus, or device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. Morespecific examples (a non-exhaustive list) of the computer readablestorage medium would include the following: an electrical connectionhaving one or more wires, a portable computer diskette, a hard disk, arandom access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), an erasableprogrammable read-only memory (EPROM or Flash memory), an optical fiber,a portable compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM), an optical storagedevice, a magnetic storage device, or any suitable combination of theforegoing. In the context of this document, a computer readable storagemedium may be any tangible medium that can contain, or store a programfor use by or in connection with an instruction execution system,apparatus, or device.

A computer readable signal medium may include a propagated data signalwith computer readable program code embodied therein, for example, inbaseband or as part of a carrier wave. Such a propagated signal may takeany of a variety of forms, including, but not limited to,electro-magnetic, optical, or any suitable combination thereof. Acomputer readable signal medium may be any computer readable medium thatis not a computer readable storage medium and that can communicate,propagate, or transport a program for use by or in connection with aninstruction execution system, apparatus, or device.

Program code embodied on a computer readable medium may be transmittedusing any appropriate medium, including but not limited to wireless,wireline, optical fiber cable, RF, etc., or any suitable combination ofthe foregoing.

Computer program code for carrying out operations for aspects of thepresent invention may be written in any combination of one or moreprogramming languages, including an object oriented programming languagesuch as Java, Smalltalk, C++ or the like and conventional proceduralprogramming languages, such as the “C” programming language or similarprogramming languages. The program code may execute entirely on theuser's computer, partly on the user's computer, as a stand-alonesoftware package, partly on the user's computer and partly on a remotecomputer or entirely on the remote computer or server. In the latterscenario, the remote computer may be connected to the user's computerthrough any type of network, including a local area network (LAN) or awide area network (WAN), or the connection may be made to an externalcomputer (for example, through the Internet using an Internet ServiceProvider).

Aspects of the present invention are described below with reference toflowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams of methods, apparatus(systems) and computer program products according to embodiments of theinvention. It will be understood that each block of the flowchartillustrations and/or block diagrams, and combinations of blocks in theflowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, can be implemented bycomputer program instructions. These computer program instructions maybe provided to a processor of a general purpose computer, specialpurpose computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus toproduce a machine, such that the instructions, which execute via theprocessor of the computer or other programmable data processingapparatus, create means for implementing the functions/acts specified inthe flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks.

These computer program instructions may also be stored in a computerreadable medium that can direct a computer, other programmable dataprocessing apparatus, or other devices to function in a particularmanner, such that the instructions stored in the computer readablemedium produce an article of manufacture including instructions whichimplement the function/act specified in the flowchart and/or blockdiagram block or blocks.

The computer program instructions may also be loaded onto a computer,other programmable data processing apparatus, or other devices to causea series of operational steps to be performed on the computer, otherprogrammable apparatus or other devices to produce a computerimplemented process such that the instructions which execute on thecomputer or other programmable apparatus provide processes forimplementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or blockdiagram block or blocks.

In certain embodiments, the server of FIG. 1 may be implemented as acloud component part in a cloud computing environment. In the cloudcomputing environment, the systems architecture of the hardware andsoftware components involved in the delivery of cloud computing maycomprise a plurality of cloud components communicating with each otherover a network, such as the Internet. For example, in certainembodiments, the server of FIG. 1 may provide clients, and other serversand software and/or hardware components in the networked cloud, withstorage and data processing services. The server 2 may provide reliablestorage services and access to the storages 4 and 6 to meet quality ofservice requirements for customers in the cloud, including clientsrequiring storage and other servers providing storage services toclients. The server 2 may communicate with clients to provide storageservices for the storages 4 and 6 through a web interface or otherapplication programming interface.

The terms “an embodiment”, “embodiment”, “embodiments”, “theembodiment”, “the embodiments”, “one or more embodiments”, “someembodiments”, and “one embodiment” mean “one or more (but not all)embodiments of the present invention(s)” unless expressly specifiedotherwise.

The terms “including”, “comprising”, “having” and variations thereofmean “including but not limited to”, unless expressly specifiedotherwise.

The enumerated listing of items does not imply that any or all of theitems are mutually exclusive, unless expressly specified otherwise.

The terms “a”, “an” and “the” mean “one or more”, unless expresslyspecified otherwise.

Devices that are in communication with each other need not be incontinuous communication with each other, unless expressly specifiedotherwise. In addition, devices that are in communication with eachother may communicate directly or indirectly through one or moreintermediaries.

A description of an embodiment with several components in communicationwith each other does not imply that all such components are required. Onthe contrary a variety of optional components are described toillustrate the wide variety of possible embodiments of the presentinvention.

Further, although process steps, method steps, algorithms or the likemay be described in a sequential order, such processes, methods andalgorithms may be configured to work in alternate orders. In otherwords, any sequence or order of steps that may be described does notnecessarily indicate a requirement that the steps be performed in thatorder. The steps of processes described herein may be performed in anyorder practical. Further, some steps may be performed simultaneously.

When a single device or article is described herein, it will be readilyapparent that more than one device/article (whether or not theycooperate) may be used in place of a single device/article. Similarly,where more than one device or article is described herein (whether ornot they cooperate), it will be readily apparent that a singledevice/article may be used in place of the more than one device orarticle or a different number of devices/articles may be used instead ofthe shown number of devices or programs. The functionality and/or thefeatures of a device may be alternatively embodied by one or more otherdevices which are not explicitly described as having suchfunctionality/features. Thus, other embodiments of the present inventionneed not include the device itself.

The illustrated operations of FIGS. 4-6 show certain events occurring ina certain order. In alternative embodiments, certain operations may beperformed in a different order, modified or removed. Moreover, steps maybe added to the above described logic and still conform to the describedembodiments. Further, operations described herein may occur sequentiallyor certain operations may be processed in parallel. Yet further,operations may be performed by a single processing unit or bydistributed processing units.

The foregoing description of various embodiments of the invention hasbeen presented for the purposes of illustration and description. It isnot intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the preciseform disclosed. Many modifications and variations are possible in lightof the above teaching. It is intended that the scope of the invention belimited not by this detailed description, but rather by the claimsappended hereto. The above specification, examples and data provide acomplete description of the manufacture and use of the composition ofthe invention. Since many embodiments of the invention can be madewithout departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, theinvention resides in the claims hereinafter appended.

1. A computer program product for managing data in a first storage and asecond storage, the computer program product comprising a computerreadable storage medium having computer readable program code embodiedtherein that executes to perform operations, the operations comprising:processing an operation to migrate an extent of tracks from the secondstorage to the first storage; determining whether an extent objectexists for the extent to migrate, wherein the extent object exists ifthe extent was previously migrated from the first storage to the secondstorage at a previous time, and wherein the extent object includes foreach track a write indicator indicating whether the track was updated inthe second storage since the previous time when the extent waspreviously migrated to the second storage; and in response todetermining that the extent object exists, performing: determining thetracks in the extent having the write indicator indicating that thetrack was updated in the second storage since the previous time; copyingthe data for the determined tracks from the second storage to freelocations in the first storage; and for each determined track, updatethe entry for the determined track in the extent object to indicate thefree location to which the data for the track was copied as an activeaddress for the track.
 2. The computer program product of claim 1,wherein the extent object maintains information for previous versions ofthe data for the track in the first storage, wherein for each trackhaving at least one previous version, the entry for the track includes aprevious version address for each previous version indicating a locationin the first storage of the data for the previous version of the track,wherein the operations further comprise: for each determined track,setting a new previous version address to the active address for thetrack prior to updating the active address to indicate the free locationto which the data from the second storage was copied.
 3. The computerprogram product of claim 1, wherein the first storage comprises a solidstate storage device and wherein the second storage comprises a storagedevice type having a slower Input/Output access profile than the solidstate storage device.
 4. The computer program product of claim 1,wherein the second storage stores the tracks in the extent contiguously,and wherein modified tracks in the second storage are copied tonon-contiguous locations in the first storage with respect to unmodifiedtracks in the extent, and wherein unmodified data in the second storageis not copied to the first storage as part of the migration of theextent from the second storage to the first storage.
 5. The computerprogram product of claim 1, wherein each entry includes an activechecksum value calculated from the track data identified in the activeaddress and for at least one previous version of the track maintained inthe first storage, a previous version address of the previous version ofthe track in the first storage and a previous version checksum valuecalculated from the track data identified in the previous versionaddress, wherein the operations further comprise: receiving a write to atarget track in the extent existing in the first storage; calculating atemporary checksum from the write for the target track; determiningwhether the temporary checksum matches the active checksum or one of theat least one previous version checksums in the entry in the extentobject for the target track; using the active address or the previousversion address and the corresponding active or previous versionchecksum that matches the temporary checksum for the active address andactive checksum for the entry in the extent object for the target track;and writing the write to the target track to a free location in thefirst storage in response to determining that the temporary checksumdoes not match one of the active checksum or any of the at least oneprevious version checksum.
 6. The computer program product of claim 5,wherein the write to the target track is not written to the firststorage in response to determining that the temporary checksum matchesone of the active checksum or one of the at least one previous versionchecksum.
 7. The computer program product of claim 5, wherein using theactive address or the previous version address and the correspondingchecksum that matches the temporary checksum comprises: returningcomplete to the write in response to determining that the temporarychecksum matches the active checksum or one of the at least one previousversion checksum; and in response to determining that the temporarychecksum matches one of the at least one previous version checksum,performing: buffering the previous version address and the previousversion checksum for the matching previous version checksum; setting anew previous version address and new previous version checksum to thevalues for the active address and the active checksum; and setting theactive address and the active checksum to the buffered previous versionaddress and the previous version checksum, respectively, after settingthe new previous version address and the new previous version checksum.8. The computer program product of claim 1, wherein each entry includesan active checksum value calculated from the track data identified inthe active address and for at least one previous version of the trackmaintained in the first storage, a previous version address of theprevious version of the track in the first storage and a previousversion checksum calculated from the track data identified in theprevious version address, wherein the operations further comprise:receiving a write to a target track in the extent existing in the secondstorage; calculating a temporary checksum from the write for the targettrack; determining whether the temporary checksum matches the activechecksum or one of the at least one previous version checksum in theentry in the extent object for the target track; and using the activeaddress or the previous version address and the corresponding active orprevious version checksum that matches the temporary checksum for theactive address and active checksum for the entry in the extent objectfor the target track in response to determining the match.
 9. Thecomputer program product of claim 8, wherein the operations furthercomprise: setting the indicator in the entry for the target track in theextent object to indicate that the track was updated in the secondstorage in response to determining that the temporary checksum does notmatch one of the active checksum or one of the at least one previousversion checksum, wherein the indicator indicates that the data for thetarget track at the active address in the first storage is not a mostcurrent version of the data for the track maintained in the secondstorage.
 10. The computer program product of claim 8, wherein theoperations further comprise: in response to determining that thetemporary checksum matches one of the at least one previous versionchecksum, performing: buffering the previous version address and theprevious version checksum for the matching previous version checksum;setting a new previous version address and new previous version checksumto the active address and the active checksum values, respectively; andsetting the active address and the active checksum to the bufferedprevious version address and the buffered previous version checksum,respectively, after setting the new previous version address and the newprevious version checksum.
 11. The computer program product of claim 1,wherein each entry is comprised of a plurality of columns including anactive checksum value in an active checksum column that is calculatedfrom the track data identified in the active address in an activeaddress column and for at least one previous version of the trackmaintained in the first storage, a previous version address columnhaving an address of the previous version of the track in the firststorage and a previous version checksum column having a checksum valuecalculated from the track data at the previous version address, whereinthe operations further comprise: receiving a write to a target track inthe extent existing in the first storage or the second storage;calculating a temporary checksum from the write for the target track;determining whether the temporary checksum matches one of the at leastone previous version checksums in the entry in the extent object for thetarget track; writing the previous version address and the correspondingprevious version checksum that matches the temporary checksum to theactive address column and the active checksum column for the entry inthe extent object for the target track; and shifting any previousaddress columns and previous checksum columns that have an older versionthan a version of the previous version address and checksum written tothe active address column and the active checksum column to overwritethe previous address column and the previous checksum column includingthe previous version address and the corresponding previous versionchecksum written to the active address column and the active checksumcolumn.
 12. A system in communication with a first storage and a secondstorage, comprising: a processor; a memory include code executed by theprocessor to perform operations, the operations comprising: processingan operation to migrate an extent of tracks from the second storage tothe first storage; determining whether an extent object exists for theextent to migrate, wherein the extent object exists if the extent waspreviously migrated from the first storage to the second storage at aprevious time, and wherein the extent object includes for each track awrite indicator indicating whether the track was updated in the secondstorage since the previous time when the extent was previously migratedto the second storage; and in response to determining that the extentobject exists, performing: determining the tracks in the extent havingthe write indicator indicating that the track was updated in the secondstorage since the previous time; copying the data for the determinedtracks from the second storage to free locations in the first storage;and for each determined track, update the entry for the determined trackin the extent object to indicate the free location to which the data forthe track was copied as an active address for the track.
 13. The systemof claim 12, wherein the extent object maintains information forprevious versions of the data for the track in the first storage,wherein for each track having at least one previous version, the entryfor the track includes a previous version address for each previousversion indicating a location in the first storage of the data for theprevious version of the track, wherein the operations further comprise:for each determined track, setting a new previous version address to theactive address for the track prior to updating the active address toindicate the free location to which the data from the second storage wascopied.
 14. The system of claim 12, wherein the first storage comprisesa solid state storage device and wherein the second storage comprises astorage device type having a slower Input/Output access profile than thesolid state storage device.
 15. The system of claim 12, wherein eachentry includes an active checksum value calculated from the track dataidentified in the active address and for at least one previous versionof the track maintained in the first storage, a previous version addressof the previous version of the track in the first storage and a previousversion checksum value calculated from the track data identified in theprevious version address, wherein the operations further comprise:receiving a write to a target track in the extent existing in the firststorage; calculating a temporary checksum from the write for the targettrack; determining whether the temporary checksum matches the activechecksum or one of the at least one previous version checksums in theentry in the extent object for the target track; using the activeaddress or the previous version address and the corresponding active orprevious version checksum that matches the temporary checksum for theactive address and active checksum for the entry in the extent objectfor the target track; and writing the write to the target track to afree location in the first storage in response to determining that thetemporary checksum does not match one of the active checksum or any ofthe at least one previous version checksum.
 16. The system of claim 12,wherein each entry includes an active checksum value calculated from thetrack data identified in the active address and for at least oneprevious version of the track maintained in the first storage, aprevious version address of the previous version of the track in thefirst storage and a previous version checksum calculated from the trackdata identified in the previous version address, wherein the operationsfurther comprise: receiving a write to a target track in the extentexisting in the second storage; calculating a temporary checksum fromthe write for the target track; determining whether the temporarychecksum matches the active checksum or one of the at least one previousversion checksum in the entry in the extent object for the target track;using the active address or the previous version address and thecorresponding active or previous version checksum that matches thetemporary checksum for the active address and active checksum for theentry in the extent object for the target track in response todetermining the match.
 17. The system of claim 1, wherein each entry iscomprised of a plurality of columns including an active checksum valuein an active checksum column that is calculated from the track dataidentified in the active address in an active address column and for atleast one previous version of the track maintained in the first storage,a previous version address column having an address of the previousversion of the track in the first storage and a previous versionchecksum column having a checksum value calculated from the track dataat the previous version address, wherein the operations furthercomprise: receiving a write to a target track in the extent existing inthe first storage or the second storage; calculating a temporarychecksum from the write for the target track; determining whether thetemporary checksum matches one of the at least one previous versionchecksums in the entry in the extent object for the target track;writing the previous version address and the corresponding previousversion checksum that matches the temporary checksum to the activeaddress column and the active checksum column for the entry in theextent object for the target track; and shifting any previous addresscolumns and previous checksum columns that have an older version than aversion of the previous version address and checksum written to theactive address column and the active checksum column to overwrite theprevious address column and the previous checksum column including theprevious version address and the corresponding previous version checksumwritten to the active address column and the active checksum column. 18.A method for managing data in a first storage and a second storage,comprising: processing an operation to migrate an extent of tracks fromthe second storage to the first storage; determining whether an extentobject exists for the extent to migrate, wherein the extent objectexists if the extent was previously migrated from the first storage tothe second storage at a previous time, and wherein the extent objectincludes for each track a write indicator indicating whether the trackwas updated in the second storage since the previous time when theextent was previously migrated to the second storage; and in response todetermining that the extent object exists, performing: determining thetracks in the extent having the write indicator indicating that thetrack was updated in the second storage since the previous time; copyingthe data for the determined tracks from the second storage to freelocations in the first storage; and for each determined track, updatethe entry for the determined track in the extent object to indicate thefree location to which the data for the track was copied as an activeaddress for the track.
 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the extentobject maintains information for previous versions of the data for thetrack in the first storage, wherein for each track having at least oneprevious version, the entry for the track includes a previous versionaddress for each previous version indicating a location in the firststorage of the data for the previous version of the track, furthercomprising: for each determined track, setting a new previous versionaddress to the active address for the track prior to updating the activeaddress to indicate the free location to which the data from the secondstorage was copied.
 20. The method of claim 18, wherein the firststorage comprises a solid state storage device and wherein the secondstorage comprises a storage device type having a slower Input/Outputaccess profile than the solid state storage device.
 21. The method ofclaim 18, wherein each entry includes an active checksum valuecalculated from the track data identified in the active address and forat least one previous version of the track maintained in the firststorage, a previous version address of the previous version of the trackin the first storage and a previous version checksum value calculatedfrom the track data identified in the previous version address, furthercomprising: receiving a write to a target track in the extent existingin the first storage; calculating a temporary checksum from the writefor the target track; determining whether the temporary checksum matchesthe active checksum or one of the at least one previous versionchecksums in the entry in the extent object for the target track; usingthe active address or the previous version address and the correspondingactive or previous version checksum that matches the temporary checksumfor the active address and active checksum for the entry in the extentobject for the target track; and writing the write to the target trackto a free location in the first storage in response to determining thatthe temporary checksum does not match one of the active checksum or anyof the at least one previous version checksum.
 22. The method of claim18, wherein each entry includes an active checksum value calculated fromthe track data identified in the active address and for at least oneprevious version of the track maintained in the first storage, aprevious version address of the previous version of the track in thefirst storage and a previous version checksum calculated from the trackdata identified in the previous version address, further comprising:receiving a write to a target track in the extent existing in the secondstorage; calculating a temporary checksum from the write for the targettrack; determining whether the temporary checksum matches the activechecksum or one of the at least one previous version checksum in theentry in the extent object for the target track; using the activeaddress or the previous version address and the corresponding active orprevious version checksum that matches the temporary checksum for theactive address and active checksum for the entry in the extent objectfor the target track in response to determining the match.
 23. Themethod of claim 18, wherein each entry is comprised of a plurality ofcolumns including an active checksum value in an active checksum columnthat is calculated from the track data identified in the active addressin an active address column and for at least one previous version of thetrack maintained in the first storage, a previous version address columnhaving an address of the previous version of the track in the firststorage and a previous version checksum column having a checksum valuecalculated from the track data at the previous version address, furthercomprising: receiving a write to a target track in the extent existingin the first storage or the second storage; calculating a temporarychecksum from the write for the target track; determining whether thetemporary checksum matches one of the at least one previous versionchecksums in the entry in the extent object for the target track;writing the previous version address and the corresponding previousversion checksum that matches the temporary checksum to the activeaddress column and the active checksum column for the entry in theextent object for the target track; and shifting any previous addresscolumns and previous checksum columns that have an older version than aversion of the previous version address and checksum written to theactive address column and the active checksum column to overwrite theprevious address column and the previous checksum column including theprevious version address and the corresponding previous version checksumwritten to the active address column and the active checksum column.